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Reference List: Basic Rules. Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be. A collection of space facts and 101 guides presented in an easy-to-read format and suitable as reference material for children and students. Reference (rĕf′ər-əns, rĕf′rəns) n. The act of referring to something: filed away the article for future reference. Significance for a specified matter; relation or relationship: Her speeches have special. References: The sources are listed at the end of the report in alphabetical order according to the last name of the first author, as in the following book and article. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the Appalachian and Valley Province. All references cited in the text must appear in the reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or emails) which cannot be retrieved. A bibliography is different from a.

  1. References Definition
References apa styleFormat

References Definition

  1. National Drug Intelligence Center. The economic impact of illicit drug use on American society. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, 2011.
  2. Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 373(9682):2223-2233, 2009.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2014. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, March 20). Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2017–2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6911a4.htm
  5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.
  6. Tice P, Lipari R, van Horn S. Substance Use among 12th Grade Aged Youths, by Dropout Status. Rockville, MD: Center for Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration; 2017. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3196/ShortReport-3196.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2018.
  7. Chen C-Y, Storr CL, Anthony JC. Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems. Addict Behav. 2009;34(3):319- 322. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021
  8. Lander L, Howsare J, Byrne M. The impact of substance use disorders on families and children: from theory to practice. Soc Work Public Health. 2013;28(0):194-205. doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.759005
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  10. Shankaran S, Lester BM, Das A, Bauer CR, Bada HS, Lagasse L, Higgins R. Impact of maternal substance use during pregnancy on childhood outcome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 12(2): 143-150, 2007.
  11. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(11):652-669. doi:10.1038/nrn3119
  12. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Kassed CA, Chang L. Imaging the addicted human brain. Sci Pract Perspect 3(2):4-16, 2007.
  13. Grant B, S Stinson F, Harford T. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Harford TC. Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: a 12-year follow-up. J Subst Abuse. 2001;13:493-504. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00096-7
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  23. Brook JS, Kessler RC, Cohen P. The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 1999;11(4):901-914.
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  31. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Mental and Substance Use Disorders. https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders. Published June 20, 2014. Accessed June 4, 2018.
  32. Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PAF,Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Escalation of drug use in early onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA 289: 427-33, 2003.
  33. Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF. The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clin Neurosci Soc ENCS. 2009;40(1):31-38.
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  47. National Cancer Institute. Secondhand Smoke and Cancer. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/second-hand-smoke-fact-sheet. Published January 12, 2011. Accessed June 4, 2018.
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